Essay Sample on Creativity Research Based on the Gender Dimension

Exposition Sample on Creativity Research Based on the Gender Dimension By and large, ladies are known to be more inventive than man, and this is reflected in every single innovative medium. Today, we watch a developing number of female creators, particularly in the life account sort. The personal history type bring up issues about self information and the way toward making writing propelled by life occasions. This particular kind can be commonly characterized as an investigation of ones chose educational encounters. In womens life composing, oneself, the improvement of information is especially tricky. Womens jobs and conditions have changed drastically throughout the years, accordingly, ladies authors have needed to develop their own variants of womanliness, their own plan contrary to ages of male representations. Womens writing in the Italian writing is extremely intricate. Its a route for those ladies to find themselves through the demonstration of composing. It likewise includes exacting and passionate meandering, investigation. For Aleramo, it was to get away from her harsh marriage and face the lost of guardianship of her child in her book A Woman, additionally knows as Una Donna. What's more, for Banti it was the intricate connection among history and the ladylike character in her work Artemisia. These courageous women turned out to be either an acclaimed author or painter and fled female generalizations. So as to comprehend this female point of view composing, we should contemplate a statement by the pundit Sharon Wood in Italian Womens Writing: womens innovativeness is set apart by a feeling of misfortune, division and crack (123). My own enthusiasm of Italian ladies essayist has leaded me, till now, to the perusing of two writers, Aleramo and Banti. Aleramo is known as the primary Italian women's activist essayist and her life account novel A Woman impugned her abuse by an envious spouse who had assaulted her when she was seventeen. She additionally underscore on the customary attitude that was reigning in the extremist Southern Italian culture which thought about educated ladies degenerate or prostitutes. Though, Anna Banti is moved to compose through her examination of the agonizing isolation of the advanced ladies wanting to take part in a free and unique action yet confronted with the difficulties of a general public that has designed incalculable affections to deny her the existence, and different prerequisites for the improvement of her ability. In her novel, Artemisia, which comprises of the interlaced memories of creator, storyteller, and hero as it portrays the biography of the sixteenth-century paint er Artemisia Gentileschi. Banti mixes together recorded realities with hypothesis and development, as she depicts Artemisias battle to make a character in a world that truly has no name for what she is. Both of these ladies journalists have made champions that challenge female generalizations and their composing suggests as much notable conversation starters as their lives. Thusly, we can concur with Sharon Wood and state that their composition, their imagination is set apart by a feeling of misfortune, division and break. History has demonstrated the significance of local customs in the Italian culture, yet in addition how much ladies were choking under them. Ladies have been bound to conventions for a considerable length of time. The two creators, Aleramo and Banti demonstrate with solid models the heaviness of the customs on the fate of ladies in Italy. Aleramo in A Woman depicts how Italian ladies, outside the household circle, had been quiet for quite a long time and had no legitimate rights. The hero takes the case of her own mom who was caught in a troubled unfulfilling marriage, with reformatory suspicion. Be that as it may, she was unable to separate from her better half on the grounds that a lady had just two decisions to leave her significant other, self destruction or craziness. As we probably am aware, the mother initially picks the alternative of the self destruction she had attempted to slaughter herself (Aleramo-32). The dread of consummation like her mom in a haven, the storyteller/her o breaks the chain of hundreds of years of female concealment by escaping a damaging marriage. Banti in Artemisia, show how Artemisia, considerably after her disfavor was bound to the man centric abuse; how her dad constrained her to wed Antonio to reestablish the respect of the family significantly after the open preliminary youll need to get hitched (Banti-32). The two heroes discover their innovativeness in their activities, by testing the custom. In Aleramos case, the inventiveness accompanied the separation from past maternal models as she leaves the family. Aleramos hero surrenders her significant other and her child so as to follow her fate. This demonstration in itself was a route for Aleramos hero to get herself and simultaneously, to discover the imagination that was a need for her to seek after her fantasy. By leaving the family, she left the male centric abuse of her better half which tragically affected her yet in addition the mindset that specifies that ladies were shown to be deficient and dismissed When I was from them I would understand that I couldnt live without my family (213) . In Artemisia, the hero leaves likewise her better half to seek after her fantasies. In this manner, we can say that the two books are the locations of battle for opportunity, for freedom. Battle to seek after their fantasies, to discover imaginatio n. Not just the storytellers/heroes say a final farewell to the convention, they went past the limits. In Aleramos case, she went to the extraordinary, she changed her name. The name change from Rina Pierangeli to Sibilla Aleramo is huge for the introduction of both the essayist and the autonomous lady. Critically, with A Woman, Aleramo revokes both the dads and the spouses names, settling on a prophetic and lovely name, providing for her by a man. As we probably am aware, the section to the new name denotes the entry to individual exploratory writing and opens another period in Aleramos life. The loss of the name harmonizes with birth in writing. Supposedly on, we can see that Aleramos hero refashions herself by turning into an essayist through contrast conditions. Composing prompts the resurrection for Aleramos courageous woman I had at no other time felt that I had such steadfast forces of articulation, such an intense endowment of investigation (106) and in the end empowers her to isolate from the male centric mistreatment of which she was casualty Should I participate in the aggregate undertakings of mankind, the main thing that gave life and nobility? Should I utilize my asset along these lines to increase some tranquility of mind?(106). While, in Bantis epic Artemisia, painting is the main thing that prompts the resurrection of the hero. All things considered, Banið ¢s fight to be perceived for her own legitimacy is in look for self-disclosure and self disclosure. So as to make, Aleramos courageous woman needed to confront a huge number of snags. All through her book, the storyteller/hero talk about the issue of being both, a mother and having a profession simultaneously Should I utilize my assets along these lines to increase some true serenity? Or then again would it be a good idea for me to surrender to an existence without joy, losing everything that may make my child regard and love me? (106). Yet additionally, looks as the job of a decent mother (113). From her point of view, a decent mother must be a lady, a human person. (113). She thinks and qualifies parenthood as a foundation, however truly stress on the trouble of effectively brushing parenthood with a vocation. For Aleramos heroin, its her most serious issue, and she needs to settle on a choice. She needs to pick between assuming the job of a mother or having a composing vocation. Bantis champion, Artemisia discovers her salvation in her canvas. To have the option to discover it, she needs to experience emotional mental torment and difficult isolation. Living a widows presence I enjoyed a certain acting like a widow (39), a long way from her trader spouse who will later demand disintegration of their marriage so as to marry a local young lady from the West Indies, Artemisia gives herself only to her profession as a craftsman, staying firm in her personal need to make, even at the cost of disagreeability and forlornness. Artemisia needed to acknowledge the lady specialists discipline. Aleramos and Bantis courageous women needed to challenge social, good and lawful states of Italy in which they lived. Both, Aleramos and Bantis courageous women are the heroes who firmly tested the social, good and legitimate state of the old Italy by challenging conventions, standards and the qualities that were see around then so as to locate their own inventiveness. The two of them lived in their own people the anguish of the female condition. The two ladies lived in an Italy which the judgment of womens mistreatment is joined by a clear examination of social and family structures which support the solidness of the predominant request and keep ladies in their distributed jobs. The two courageous women were tested in a general public that had imagined incalculable guise to deny their abilities. Accordingly, we can see that Aleramos and Bantis courageous women inventiveness are truly set apart by a feeling of misfortune, division and break.

Criminal Law Foundations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Law Foundations - Research Paper Example At long last, the sixth Amendments to the United States Constitution gives an established defend by allowing the residents to realize the proof introduced against them and to stand up to their informers (Family Rights, 2013). This amazingly incorporates the significant purpose of bringing about rapid and open preliminary to be directed by fair juries. The blamed should then have the option to know the nature and reason for the allegation. Straightforwardness is empowered as the observers and the charged must face one another. In such manner, it is critical to make an obligatory procedure to take observers that would remain on individual’s favor. Moreover, to ensure exceptional resistance, an individual ought to need to gain Assistance of Counsel. In this paper, the defender attempts to assess the established protections gave by the above Amendments to the US Constitution as they apply to both grown-up and adolescent court procedures. Concerning this, the conversation of the ef fect that these shields have on the day-today activity of grown-up and adolescent courts is incorporated. Sacred protections and grown-up and adolescent courts A warrant is a type of formal and legitimate solicitation that is lawfully authoritative for it looks for not to disregard the individual’s directly for sensible inquiry and seizure. ... tect their life and properties, the fourth Amendments to the US Constitution is a method of fortifying an individual’s established option to feel the security that everybody should unreservedly appreciate inside the state. Concering this, grown-up and adolescent courts are obliged to perform or watch this lawful procedure so as to ensure real liberation of the necessary sacred protections to guarantee genuine execution of steady essential established rights from all ages, especially in hearing grown-up and adolescent cases. For example, so as not to scare a youngster or a minor, who happens to have essential rights secured by the Constitution, the privilege legitimate procedure is fundamental thus utilizing warrant to start sensible hunt and seizure would just bode well for this issue. The fifth Amendments to the US Constitution just fortifies the citizenship of the people and the benefits offered by the express that are set open to be equivalent for all. Under the criminal eq uity framework, this just is a call not to abuse the human rights particularly by convincing a man or a kid to tell something that may remain against one’s will or government assistance, without significant bit of truth and fitting legitimate procedure. Therefore, a wrongdoing agent has no privilege to start physical agony or mischief to the accussed just to ensure that the speculate will advise something that will at last remain to observer against himself. Utilizing the equivalent to minor could be considered as youngster misuse if the law pertinent to it would be put open for understanding. Then again, the fifth Amendments to the US Constitution likewise give an approach to permit everybody to encounter commonly the freedom to utilize open property. Separations are altogether disheartened. In this manner, permitting individuals, all things considered

Campus Snacks

Campus Snacks Hey pals, I was eating a bowl of oatmeal the other day, and I thought it would be ideal to talk about foods to keep in your room, especially if you’re going to be  living in a residence hall. I like to keep small little snacks like almonds, popcorn or peanut butter crackers in my room at all times, and this really helps for the days that I’m just on the go and I don’t have time to stop for lunch at a dining hall, because i can just stick a snack in my backpack. For meals, I would definitely recommend stocking up on your favorite cereals by either going to walmart or just stopping by Ikenberry Dining hall and using your cafe credits. I would also recommend getting warm meals for the winter like oatmeal or ramen. My favorite place to go for ramen, is a little store on Goodwin Ave, around the corner from the Illinois Street residence hall called 710 mart. The ramen is really inexpensive and they have a large variety of other snacks you can buy. I think a big obvious meal choice is also microwavable mac and cheese, and if you have a mini fridge you can store actual cheese and add it to the micro-mac to fancy it up little. Well, that’s all the advice I have for now! Thanks for reading, and keep snacking! Indyia Class of 2019 I’m an Art Foundation student in the College of Fine and Applied Arts, and after Art Foundation I plan on majoring in Art Education. With my degree and teaching certificate, I want to teach children how to use their emotions, thoughts, and surroundings to create art.

Campus Snacks

Campus Snacks Hey pals, I was eating a bowl of oatmeal the other day, and I thought it would be ideal to talk about foods to keep in your room, especially if you’re going to be  living in a residence hall. I like to keep small little snacks like almonds, popcorn or peanut butter crackers in my room at all times, and this really helps for the days that I’m just on the go and I don’t have time to stop for lunch at a dining hall, because i can just stick a snack in my backpack. For meals, I would definitely recommend stocking up on your favorite cereals by either going to walmart or just stopping by Ikenberry Dining hall and using your cafe credits. I would also recommend getting warm meals for the winter like oatmeal or ramen. My favorite place to go for ramen, is a little store on Goodwin Ave, around the corner from the Illinois Street residence hall called 710 mart. The ramen is really inexpensive and they have a large variety of other snacks you can buy. I think a big obvious meal choice is also microwavable mac and cheese, and if you have a mini fridge you can store actual cheese and add it to the micro-mac to fancy it up little. Well, that’s all the advice I have for now! Thanks for reading, and keep snacking! Indyia Class of 2019 I’m an Art Foundation student in the College of Fine and Applied Arts, and after Art Foundation I plan on majoring in Art Education. With my degree and teaching certificate, I want to teach children how to use their emotions, thoughts, and surroundings to create art.

Robin Williams Committed Suicide On August 11th 2014

1) Robin WIlliams committed suicide on August 11th 2014. I heard the news all over facebook and I was devastated because he was part of my childhood. He played the role as Peter Pan in the movie Hook and I loved it. I watched that movie more than once. Another favorite movie he starred in was What Dreams May Come as he played a role of a grieving husband who lost his wife to suicide. He played that role really well. Robin Williams character as a comedian made him seem like a happy person and people loved being around him. I believe he covered up his pain by making people laugh, but deep down inside he wasn t happy at all. My research on Robin Williams was heart breaking because I was able to figure out why he might have committed†¦show more content†¦Celebrities have the luxury to buy whatever they want and sometimes they spend it on drugs. What happens? they get addicted to drugs and get caught up in their luxurious lifestyle that they forget to appreciate the value of life. We know that Robin WIlliams was a celebrity icon and he had the fame and fortune. Robin Williams suicide reflects on the struggles of his everyday life. He struggled in, relationships with his family, substance abuse, his health, and career.. 2) Robin Williams was survived by his father Robert, a Ford Motor executive and mother Laurie, a former model. Robin was the only child and had a formal upbringing. Joan Rivers who was Robin s TV chat companion says, He came from an upper-middle class family, very educated, very well read, very knowledgeable about everything, about literature. Robin WIlliams parents were always absent and he was a lonely child. He had an enormous collection of toys and he was raised by their family maids. Believe it or not, Robin was shy and broke out of his shell when he joined the drama society in high school (paraphrase, Time). According to Rolling Stone magazine, Robin Williams was struggled in his marriages. He had two failed marriages and married to the third,

Movie Analysis The Hatchet - 1480 Words

Castaway The movie Castaway was released in 22nd of December 2000 first in USA and was made by a director called Robert Zemeckis. The hatchet is the first book from the Hatchet series written by Gary Paulsen. The book was first written in 1989 and it is still one of the famous book among younger readers. Both of the text have many similarities relating to the setting, characteristics but also many differences. The movie castaway is about a main character called Chuck Noland who gets stuck in an island after a plane crash. At the start of the film, Chunk who was working for the Federal Express was living a paced life, obsessed with time and observed in his job. He also had a fiancà © called Kelly and was soon to be married. While Chunk was†¦show more content†¦Brian decides to keep him alive until the rescue plane comes. However, after the rescue plane passes him, he gives up on the hope to go back where he was. Chunk tried to escape with the rescue boat he had however he finds out that it is futile and he realised how isolated he was when he looked down at the island from the highest point of the island. Even though the weather was capricious, there wasn’t much water or food, Brian and Chunk never gave up for the same reasons, FAMILY. For both Brian and Chunk, there was something that was given to them before they left which gave them perseverance and hope. The pocket watch was given to Chunk as a Christmas present from Kelly just before he left. The pocket watch had one of Chunk’s favourite photo of Kelly and was passed down from her grandfather making it more valuable. Every night before Chunk went to sleep, he would look at the photo of Kelly, reminding himself that there is someone waiting for him back in his town. Although the hatchet given from Brian’s mother to him wasn’t as emotional to him, it made him stay alive for 54 days. The hatchet was given to Brian from his mother as a small present to take with him but if he didn’t receive the hatchet he wouldn’t have been able to survive in the wild. Isolation and loneliness is one of the main themes when it comes to surviving in an isolatedShow MoreRelated The American Dream and College Essay5160 Words   |  21 Pagesadmissions game works and how to solve this equation. A profitable university to try and examine is The George Washington University in Washington D.C., as this is the university that I am currently attending. This university is profitable for analysis, as it serves as a model for how distorted admissions are. Jennifer Taylor is currently the Midwestern Regional Director of Admissions, whose responsibilities include interviewing all Midwestern applicants and ultimately deciding on those applicationsRead MoreCause and Impact Analysis on the Main Character’s Suffering in Elizabeth Gilbert’s Novel Eat, Pray, Love7348 Words   |  30 Pagesa decision is the basis of Character vs. Self. Examples include the novel called Grendel on the character taken from the epic Beowulf. More recently, there have be en movies about Character vs. Self such as Fight Club and the Academy Award winning movie, A Beautiful Mind. When a person struggles with his or her inner self by deciding whats right or wrong. 2. Person vs. person Person vs. Person is when, in a novel, there is a conflict of two forms of like beings. An example is the herosRead MoreHp Transformation Leadership21564 Words   |  87 Pagessoftware, and components. One of the company s earliest customers was Walt Disney Productions, which bought eight Model 200B oscillators in 1972 (at $71.50 each) for use in certifying the Fantasound surround sound systems installed in theaters for the movie Fantasia. In the 1960s, HP ended up becoming the founder of Silicon Valley. In the early sixties, HP Associates division developed semiconductor devices primarily for internal use. Instruments and calculators were some of the products using theseRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pageslooking at alternative actions that can be taken, then considering the probable good consequences of each action and the probable bad consequences while weighing the positive and negative impact of each consequence. It’s a kind of cost-benefit analysis. Exercises 1. Columbus Day is an American holiday. Write a short essay that weighs the pros and cons and then comes to a decision about whether there should be more or less public celebration (by Americans and their institutions) on ColumbusRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pagesweak and could easily be get tackled, and I learned cool stuff all the time. I had to. Or else I wouldn’t get any â€Å"wow’s†, nothing that triggered me, and often I slept with the ball and thought of new tricks I would do the next day. It was like a movie that kept on going. My first club was MBI, Malmà ¶ Boll och idrottsfà ¶rening. I was six years when I started there. Vi played on gravel behind a couple of green barracks, and I biked to the training on stolen bikes and wasn’t always that well behaved

The War Against Argumentative Essay Samples Bulk

The War Against Argumentative Essay Samples Bulk What is Really Going on with Argumentative Essay Samples Bulk An excellent communication essay must also have the role of supplying information whenever required. The use of contemporary gadgets has caused laziness which then is causing physical deterioration. Among the most prevalent issues in our world today is the matter of deforestation. There isn't a single area of human activity where gadgets aren't utilized. No matter what type of essay you're writing, a strong plan will allow you to have a larger impact. As an example, let's say if you're writing about language history essay than you might have to to incorporate all of the information concerning the history language on earth no matter any specific region while in specific language history essay, you would chat about history of the language of a certain region. Essentially anything that should be understood before reading the remainder of the essay is background info, a nd ought to be included in the introduction. Even when you're writing an informative essay, it's still true that you have the job of attempting to convince your audience that the info is vital. As a writer, using logos ought to be primary, should appear throughout the essay, and it's the ideal approach to convince a person to adopt a specific stance on any matter. If do not have any urge to waste time on choosing the best topic and writing the entire argumentative essay from scratch, don't forget you've a loyal group of professionals by your side. It is extremely easy to learn the practice of writing a college essay. Students should pick a compelling topic to impress the audience together with their teachers. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't challenging to discover. By obeying the above-given hints you will readily accomplish an impactful argumentative essay. A prosperous introduction has the ability to give a review of the information which the readers will be receiving in the essay. Obviously, how assertive you're in your thesis and the content you decide to include depends upon the sort of argumentative essay you're writing. Therefore, either you wish to learn more about how to compose an essay, or you desire some essay writing services or even in case you would like to go through some sample essays, then just refer to WritingBest and all of your requirements will be fulfilled whenever possible. There are a few specific elements which are necessary in an argumentative essay. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Before concluding the essay, it is important to summarise with a strong emphasis on the subject. After you've given yourself a good foundation to work with, you can start to craft your essay. In order to supply an in-depth understanding about the argumentative essay, it is wise to take a look at some of the greatest examples of argumentative essay. The structure of the essay is still the exact same generally in the majority of the kinds of essays. By now you're probably inclined to find a fantastic argumentative essay outline template. An essay may have a lot of intentions, but the fundamental structure of all form of essays will be same. An argumentative essay is among the many academic essay types. An argumentative essay presents either side of a problem. Deforestation is believed to be directly linked to the matter of global warming. Argumentative essays utilize logic, facts, and reasoning to influence the victor. Besides, keep in mind that the secret to a thriving argumentative essay is in finding good evidence to back up your opinion. A great argumentative essay is going to be based on established or new research instead of only on your ideas and feelings. It should have a specific statement that is arguing.

Anxiety Is Reaction To Fearful Or Stressfulâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Anxiety Is Reaction To Fearful Or Stressful? Answer: Introduction Anxiety is a reaction to a fearful or stressful circumstance and might also occur due to illness. In most cases, the symptoms of anxiety are short-lived and may not affect normal function. Excessive anxiety might cause irrational thinking, behaviour problem and sleep problems. Sleep disorders are caused by several other factors other than anxiety. Studies link anxiety to environmental and genetic factors. This scholarly paper is based on a case study of DF who is experiencing nightmares due to anxiety after being involved in an accident. It will describe the aetiology and pathophysiology of anxiety and sleep disorder and the diagnostic tools available. Additionally, the study will discuss agents available for the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorder. Finally, the paper will propose reasonable management strategies for DF. Aetiology The initiation and expression of anxiety are linked to genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. Even though empirical evidence links the occurrence of anxiety to genes, no definitive gene has been identified as being the causative factor for anxiety disorder (1). Anxiety might run in the family, which increases the chances of being inherited. Environmental stresses that might cause anxiety include exposure to life stressors or breakup of an important relationship. Stress might play a fundamental role in the expression and progression of anxiety. The inability to cope with stressful events might increase the chances of stress in some individuals. Childhood trauma is another environmental factor that can cause anxiety. Physical disorders, use or withdrawal of a drug are all risk factors for anxiety disorder. Physical disorders that can cause anxiety are heart disorders, hormonal disorders and lung disorders. A variety of drugs have been linked to the increased risk of developing anxiety. Some of the most critical drugs in the occurrence of anxiety are alcohol, caffeine, cocaine and prescription drugs like corticosteroids (2). An individual who withdrawal from sedatives or alcohol has a risk of presenting with anxiety disorders like restlessness. Psychodynamic theory is the first theory that attempts to explain the aetiology of anxiety. Psychodynamic theory elucidates anxiety as a conflict between ego and id. Natural impulsive and aggressive drives might be experienced as unacceptable leading to repression. The repressed drives might break through repression and cause automatic anxiety. Another theory that attempts to explain the aetiology of anxiety is a cognitive theory. According to cognitive theory, anxiety is the propensity to elevate the possibility of danger. As such, patients presenting with anxiety disorders tend to avoid the events and places they think are dangerous. For instance, they avoid heights and crowds (3). Pathophysiology Key brain parts including the amygdala and thalamus play a vital role in the occurrence of anxiety disorders. These parts of the brain create the important prerequisites of the nervous detection and response system. Thalamus offers the first real processing part to organise sensory data gotten from the surrounding. The thalamus transmits information to cortical centres for processing and then to amygdala for assessment of highly charged emotional information. It is the amygdala that offers emotional valence (1). The interaction of these two parts allows the organism to act swiftly on intricate but important events. An event or stimulus becomes an anxiety if the activity of fear-response network results in maladaptive distress or behaviour. Thus, some events might not be interpreted as anxiety. Besides, neurotransmitters play an important role in the occurrence and expression of anxiety. The symptoms of anxiety are also evident due to the interaction of the brain, peptides and neurotransmitters. Dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine are some of the major mediators of anxiety disorder symptoms. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has also been characterised by its involvement in the expression of anxiety (2). A sequence of reactions occurs before the symptoms of anxiety are expressed. The hypothalamus receives signals from the amygdala. The signals influence the nervous system to impact heart rate and blood pressure as well as stress-associated changes. The amygdala further affects the HPA axis resulting in the secretion of stress hormones. One of the most important stress hormones that are secreted is the cortisol (4). Cortisol can damage the brain if it is escalated for extended periods. Apart from the brain, cortisol might also damage other vital body organs. This aspect expl ains why anxiety should be addressed early. The knowledge on how amygdala influences the fear response is important because it offers valuable targets for current pharmacological treatments. Diagnostic tools General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) The GAD-7 is an effective tool for detecting general anxiety disorder in primary care patients. There is also a short version of the GAD-7 which is the GAD-2. The GAD-2 comprises of two questions that test whether a patient has anxiety. The self-reporting questionnaire enables the expeditious detection of GAD. Clients are asked whether they have been troubled by any anxiety associated issue in the last two weeks and answer seven questions on a 4-point scale (5). GAD-7 is applied due to its sensitivity. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) The BAI diagnostic tool consists of 21 items that measure the severity of anxiety. The 21 items describe different signs of anxiety that occur in the general public. Patients are requested to rate how much they are disturbed by symptoms of anxiety in the last one week. This diagnostic tool uses a four-point scale from zero to three. Individuals whose scores are above 21 points are deemed to have symptoms of anxiety. BAI is effective for evaluating the severity of different anxiety disorders such as social phobia, panic disorder (6). DSM-IV-TR diagnostic tool DSM-IV-TR is used to diagnose generalised anxiety disorder and is organised into a 5-part axial system (7). Axis one consists of clinical disorders commonly accompanied with mental disorders. Axis two comprises of intellectual disabilities as well as personality disorders. The other axes comprise of environmental, psychosocial, medical and childhood factors. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) The HADS has two independent scales, one for depression and one for anxiety. The design of this tool aims to prevent content overlap. Even though this tool offers great psychometric scale for the two scales, the distinction of the scales is determined by the participants of the study. This tool has a simple design, yet it is reliable. The use of the term hospital suggests that the tool is suitable for hospital settings alone. However, HADS has been successfully used in settings outside hospital such as in the community and primary care settings (8). Treatment Pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacotherapy are the main approaches to the management and treatment of anxiety. The treatments of anxiety are personalised based on the symptoms of the patient, health status, age, comorbid and preferences. Pharmacotherapy Prescription drugs that are used for managing general anxiety disorders are hydroxyzine, buspirone, benzodiazepines, pregabalin, benzodiazepines and antidepressants (9). Antidepressants are more preferred than benzodiazepines for the management of general anxiety disorder because their side effects are tolerable and lack risk of dependency. They are also efficient in managing comorbid conditions. However, benzodiazepines are the most effective drugs in managing the symptoms of anxiety in the short-term (1). Benzodiazepines are the most effective drugs for the management of anxiety symptoms in the short-term. Individuals who are experiencing sleep disturbances can control the problem using benzodiazepines. In case a patient has anxiety symptoms but does not present with depression symptoms, they are advised to use pregabalin and buspirone. Even though hydroxyzine is effective in managing anxiety disorders, it is unsuitable for in the long-term because of its side effects. Non-pharmacologic therapy Stress management, exercises, psychoeducation and psychotherapy, are classified as non-pharmacological therapy (1). Education is designed to address relevant information on general anxiety disorder as well as its management. The most effective education advises patients to withdraw stimulants. They are informed how to avoid alcohol, caffeine and diet pills. Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is an effective psychological therapy for patients with general anxiety disorder (10). In the short-term, CBT focuses on educating clients how to resume the activities they have been avoiding due to anxiety. Most patients with anxiety have reported success after using CBT. Sleep Disorder Aetiology Sleep disorders increase with age and are common among adults. The most common types of sleep disorders are insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorders and restless legs syndrome (RLS) (11). The causes of sleep disorders can be classified as psychological, medical and environmental. People with sleep disorders always exhibit or complain about concomitant signs such as daytime sleepiness. In some cases, a bed partner might detect hallmark symptoms of sleep disturbances. Medical conditions Congestive heart failure and ischemia are the cardiac conditions that might result in the occurrence of sleep disorder. Besides, neurological illnesses such as dementia, stroke, peripheral nerve damage and degenerative conditions may lead to disordered sleep. Endocrine problems impacting sleep are associated with menopause, hyperthyroidism as well as pregnancy. Pulmonary illnesses such as COPD and asthma have been linked to disordered sleep (12). Several gastrointestinal conditions are also responsible for the occurrence of sleep disorder. Various substances such as caffeine and alcohol may cause insomnia. Psychiatric conditions Most psychiatric disorders tend to co-occur with other medical conditions. Depression is among the medical conditions that cause alterations to the normal sleep patterns. Empirical evidence suggests that about 40 percent of the people with depression also have insomnia. Likewise, PTSD and anxiety disorders increase the risk of sleep disturbances (13). Even the prescribed drugs that are used to manage these psychiatric conditions increase the chances of sleep disorder. For instance, antidepressants tend to interfere with normal sleep pattern. Environmental conditions Certain environmental factors might predispose an individual to sleep disturbances. Life-threatening events have been found to cause insomnia. The work structure including shifts and working hours might result in changes in altitude. Environmental noise and extremely warm temperatures might lead to sleep deprivation (14). Pathophysiology Sleep is influenced and controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain. This nucleus control circadian rhythm. Sleep is divided into two main categories depending on muscle contractions and movement of the eyes. The first type of sleep is rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep is characterised by the movement of eyes and dreaming, but the body is always paralysed. The second type of sleep is Non-REM (NREM) sleep (15). This type of sleep comprises of stages one to four. Stage one is a transition point between wake and sleep. People get a lot of sleep in stage two. The other two stages, three and four are clustered together and termed as deep sleep or delta sleep. Distractions in the patterns of REM or NREM sleep occur in individuals who develop sleep disorders. There are intricate sequences of biological processes that influence the sleep-wake cycles. The suprachiasmatic nucleus that has been mentioned in a previous paragraph is considered to be the bodys anatomical timekeeper. This nucleus is responsible for the secretion of melatonin, which occurs after every 24 hours (16). When subjected to bright light, pineal gland releases low amounts of melatonin. Thus, the level of this secretion is low during the daytime. Some neurotransmitters play a fundamental role in sleep. These neurotransmitters are serotonin, norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Conversely, dopamine is linked to wakefulness (14). Other neurotransmitters that are associated with wakefulness are hypocretin, histamine and substance P. It is evident that cognitive, physiologic and cortical arousal is critical in the pathophysiology of sleep disorders. Diagnostic tools Various tools are used to diagnose sleeping disorders. The primary tool that is used to diagnose sleep disorders is a polysomnography (PSG). This tool records electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), electrooculogram (EOG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) (17). Other aspects that are recorded include oximetry, airflow, abdominal and thoracic movements. The onset of sleep, sleep levels, arousal, eye movements, heart rhythm, respiratory effort and arrhythmias are also recorded. ECG is useful for detecting phenotyping and apnoea sleep sections. It is also useful for rhythm measurements and HR. PSG can be used to monitor sleep at home (18). Daytime sleep is also monitored to determine the extent of sleep disorder in a patient. However, daytime sleep might be monitored when the patient manifests significant symptoms of sleep disorders. Multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) and maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) are the primary techniques for measuring daytime sleep (1). Epworth Sleep iness Scale (ESS) is another tool that is used to assess sleepiness. The ESS comprises of a simple questionnaire that forecasts subjective sleepiness. Treatment Non-pharmacological Losing weight is among the most effective non-pharmacological techniques of managing sleep apnea (19). Patients are guided to set goals for weight loss, which might entail daily exercises and diet management. Some patient with sleep disorders might be sleepwalkers. Providers may establish approaches to alleviate the problem of sleepwalking in these patients. This approach would also prevent the risk of getting hurt at night. Another treatment method is light-phase shift therapy. This therapy is appropriate for sleep disorders linked to circadian rhythm abnormalities. The sleep pattern can be normalised by exposing patients to bright light (14). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is another treatment technique that is widely used for sleep disorders. Specifically, CBT is used for the treatment of insomnia. However, CBT is only effective in the short-term and might not be effective in some patients. One study involving 160 adults experiencing insomnia revealed that CBT is effective. The patients exhibited substantial recovery in time wake and sleep latency (20). The combination of CBT with other treatments such as zolpidem is more effective than CBT alone. The recent treatments comprise the use of software programs to record sleep behaviour and cycles. This non-pharmacological therapy entails wearing a wrist band or motion detection technology integrated into a smartphone. The software program gathers information that can be used to determine quality and duration of sleep (14). The information can be used to suggest methods of refreshing the sleep. A device can even include an alarm that is designed to prevent disturbing the patient from sleep. Pharmacological therapy Different medications have been introduced to treat sleep disorders. Drug therapy is mainly used to manage sleep disturbances in the short-term. Hypnotic drugs are recommended for short-term use such as two weeks. Nevertheless, for patients with chronic insomnia, hypnotic drugs may be used for long, but monitoring is needed to make sure patients use drugs appropriately. Hypnotic drugs also have addictive effects (21). Chloral hydrate is occasionally used due to safety concerns and undesirable side effects. Over-the-counter drugs have also been adopted for the management of sleep disorders. These include drugs that inhibit the histamine type 1 receptor. Over-the-counter drugs are less costly and assist certain patients to address sleep disorders. Patients should use such drugs with precaution because of their anticholinergic properties. Besides, many of these medicines take long to act, and their sedative impacts persist for more than one day. The most current drugs for treating sleep disorders are zaleplon and zolpidem. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve these two drugs. FDA has also recommended eszopiclone for long-term use in the treatment of insomnia. These drugs have been approved due to their effectiveness and low risk of adverse side effects. Other drugs that have been approved by FDA are Tasimelteon and Suvorexant (14). These drugs are administered based on the condition of the patient, efficacy and prosperity to induce side effects. Management strategies for DF DF can use both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to get better sleep. The patient started experiencing sleep disturbances after an accident. Thus, the treatment approaches should not interfere with her current condition of DF. Counseling will be important for DF to sleep better. Counseling DF should first consider her diet as well as physical activity. No specific diet can be used to manage insomnia. However, DF should avoid large portions of meals and spicy foods at least three hours before proceeding to sleep. DF should keep away items that result in sleep disturbance like caffeine and alcohol. Caffeine is contained in certain drinks such as coffee and tea and should be avoided late in the day. Alcohol which is contained in alcoholic drinks might create the illusion of better sleep, but it negatively impacts sleep architecture. Nicotine, which can be compared with caffeine is a stimulant and should be avoided few hours before sleep time (22). A good practice for DF is to avoid taking these substances in the afternoon because their stimulating effect might persist into the night. DF can consume foods that contain tryptophan because they have higher chances of inducing sleep. An example of good food is warm milk. Additionally, DF can embrace relaxation techniques just before bedtime (23). DF should exercise daily to improve her condition. Evidence suggests that strenuous exercises during the day might lead to comfortable sleep. DF should avoid strenuous exercises at least three hours before bedtime. Such exercises might result in initial insomnia. The client should avoid any stimulating activity three hours before bedtime. For instance, DF should avoid tense movies and thrillers. The patient should further embrace a regular sleeping and waking time. She should avoid naps because they can have an adverse impact on her sleeping patterns. In case, DF starts struggling to sleep she should get up and wait for sleep to come (14). Medication The best medication for DF to get better sleep is zolpidem. The duration of action of zolpidem is six to eight hours, and the daily dose range is five to ten mg. Several specific reasons make zolpidem appropriate for DF. The pathway for the drug is oxidation and has short-moderate duration (24). Zolpidem has no impact on sleep architecture and is has the potential of sedation. Conclusion Sleep disorders and anxiety are normal occurrences that are prevalent in the society. These problems tend to disappear after a short time, but they might be long-lived in some patients. As indicated in the case study, anxiety might lead to sleep disturbances. Early detection and treatment of sleep disorders and anxiety are needed to prevent significant adverse outcomes. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments have been found effective for managing these problems. DF is advised to modify her lifestyle and use zolpidem to get better sleep. References Chisholm-Burns M, Schwinghammer T, Wells B, Malone P, Kolesar L, JT D. Pharmacotherapy: Principles Practice. 3rd ed.: McGraw Hill; 2013. Greist JH. Overview of Anxiety Disorders. [Online].; 2017 [cited 2017 8 28. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/anxiety-and-stress-related-disorders/overview-of-anxiety-disorders.Bhatt NV, Baker MJ. Anxiety Disorders. [Online].; 2017 [cited 2017 8 28. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview#a5.Chen Y, Lyga J. Brain-Skin Connection: Stress, Inflammation and Skin Aging. Inflammation Allergy-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Inflammation Allergy). 2014 June; 13(3): p. 177-190.Seo JG, Park SP. Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine. The journal of headache and pain. 2015 November; 16(1): p. 97.Muntingh A, van der Feltz-Cornelis C, van Marwijk H, Spinhoven P, Penninx B, van Balkom A. Is the Beck Anxiety Inventory a good tool to assess the severity of anxiety? A primary care study in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). BMC family practi ce. 2011 June; 12(1): p. 66.Creswell C, Waite P, Cooper PJ. Assessment and management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Archives of disease in childhood. 2014 Jully; 99(7): p. 674-678.Aseri ZAA, Suriya MO, Hassan HA, Hasan M, Sheikh SA, Tamimi AA, et al. Reliability and validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in an emergency department in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional observational study. Bmc emergency medicine. 2015 October; 15(1): p. 28.Huh J, Goebert D, Takeshita J, Lu BY, Kang M. Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a comprehensive review of the literature for psychopharmacologic alternatives to newer antidepressants and benzodiazepines. The Primary Care Companion to CNS Disorders. 2011; 13(2): p. PCC.08r00709

Falling Leaves By Adeline Yen Essays - Adeline Yen Mah, Adeline

Falling Leaves By Adeline Yen The Irreverence of Female Independence in China For years, the world has been oblivious to the painful, degrading traditions toward women that take place behind the Bamboo Curtain of China. Falling Leaves , by Adeline Yen Mah, unveils the darker side of Chinese culture through her eyes as an unwanted Chinese daughter. Shocking mistreatment, of not only the author, but also the females in her extended family keep suspense alive throughout the book. My heart sobs at each account of Adelines tortured life, but through it all, there was a flicker of her spirit that could not be put out. In China, girls are seen as a possession or a cheap commodity (Yen Mah 100). Sons, especially the eldest, are given far more attention and praise. Families that are well off keep their daughters and marry them off to prominent families sons through a marriage broker (mei-po). Rich daughters often had their feet bound, a process by which the four lateral toes of the foot are forced with a bandage under the sole so that only the big toe protruded. (It was) tightened daily for a number of years (so as to) permanently arrest the foots growth in order to achieve tiny feet so prized by Chinese men (Yen Mah 11). Their inability to walk with ease is a symbol of submissiveness, weakness, and wealth. This tradition is becoming more rare, but still many older women bear its pain today. Adelines grandmother went against these traditions by not torturing her own daughter in such an inhumane way. Daughters of poorer families could only wish for such a life of weakness and delicate manner. These gi rls often become maids, waitresses, or prostitutes. Street girls play a vital role in the three vices common to Chinese men: opium, gambling, and brothels (Yen Mah 7). In my opinion, the treatment of women is the greatest difference between Eastern and Western culture. As Western culture has advanced to bring more rights to women, the traditional ways of China have become a sore thumb on the hand of the world. Even as an Eastern girl ages, she still has little hope for her own independence. Adelines grandmother was told by her father these words of shuttering reality: Your duty is to please him and your in-laws. Bear them many sons. Subliminate your own desires. Become the willing piss-pot and spittoon of the Yens and we will be proud of you. (Yen Mah 10) Though women give up their entire lives to their husband and children, it is still widely accepted by their culture to have multiple concubines (mistresses). In the book, Adelines grandfather was defiant to pressure to have a concubine serve him (Yen Man 14), and this disapproval of the social norm was not to be believed by others. Confucius had professed that only ignorant women were virtuous, and it is by this ideal that many families in China think. Throughout the book, Adeline defies tradition by going to college (out of the country) and then moving on to medical school. Her self- will to try to please her father is mainly a need to b e more like her brothers who were adored by the family. Adelines fight for acceptance, admiration, and personal success could not be achieved in the sexist society of China or the Westernized Hong Kong. Her many attempts to return to the motherland to shine for her family and country only discouraged her and remind her that there is no place for her achievement in the ancient hearts and minds of the Chinese people. At the peak of Adelines youth in China, Westerners amazed and intrigued the Chinese, including Adelines father. She was sent to Catholic boarding schools and taught English. Business was booming in Hong Kong, especially with trade with the United States. Father adopted ambiguous notions about his own race, he, like many Chinese had come to see Westerners as taller, cleverer, stronger, and better (Yen Mah 29). Adeline strived to be a model child, but it was unheard of for a Chinese girl to have Western success. This double standard was one of many at this time. Her success as a physician meant

ZARA IT for Fast Fashion Essays

ZARA IT for Fast Fashion Essays ZARA IT for Fast Fashion Paper ZARA IT for Fast Fashion Paper ZARA IT for Fast Fashion ( Case Analysis) 1) Please describe three most important competitive advantages of ZARA (Inditex) over its main competitor. How sustainable is this advantage? 2) Assume that ZARA is considering to enter the US market. Please recommend actions for ZARA. Please make clear assumptions when necessary. After reading and analyzing the Zara case we came several conclusions when it comes to Zaras competitive advantage over its competitors. We understood that Zara is using totally distinctive business model compared to other more traditional fashion etailers. In our opinion there are three most important advantages that Zara has over its competitors. These are : IT Software/internal information flow, Factory locations/Geographic placement, Just in Time approach. We believe that these three factor are the main determinants when it comes to Zaras strong current position on the market. Below I will go more in detail and explain every single factor individually. Software/internal information flow First factor which gives Zara competitive advantage according to me is their software. The fact that all the software (PDA) used currently by Zara is developed by them gives them huge competitive advantage. Having the software developed internally makes it much more efficient and user friendly because it is compatible with the companies daily operations. Everything starting from the operational procedures, performance measures, and even office and store layouts are designed to make information flow simple. Making the internal information flow faster and more efficient is one of the key success factors for Inditex. The fact that all the stores are directly connected to the main system which in ollects all the data is a great way for analyzing things that are going on in different stores. But all in all we would say that this factor is not a sustainable advantage. Everyone can copy the system or even create their own. The issue might be cost of RD connected to development of such a system. But if we are talking about Zaras main competitors it is fully possible. Manufacturing and Distribution (Factory locations/Geographic placement) The firm has built its highly developed strategy around consumer trends and embracing the fast-changing tastes of its customers. The fashion industry is a fast changing industry with new trends appearing on daily basis. Zara produces their clothing to have a short wear span (10 wears) forcing consumers to need to purchase more designs sooner. This ensures a high competitive edge for Zara in product respond to this fast changing trends Zara has developed a highly responsive supply chain based mainly on internal communication. They have a fast production and distribution strategy that allows them to offer the latest fashions in less than two weeks. It is very important to mention that Zara manufactures its products on all the ontinents. The manufacturing is divided between Spain where around 50% of Zaras products are manufactured, rest of Europe where 26% are manufactured and the remaining 24% is outsourced to the Asian and African countries. So what is so special about this division of manufacturing ? Well firstly we have to look at the costs of production. The cost of production in Northwest Spain (wages are relatively low/ unemployment high 17%) or northern Portugal are significantly lower than in other countries around Europe. The products which have longer shelf life like sweatpants, inglets or t-shirts are outsourced to Asia, while the fashionable product with constantly changing trends are produces in Portuguese and Spanish factories. Because of the strategic location of the factories in Europe Zara is able to produce and transport much bigger amounts of products to their stores in much shorter amount of time. Zaras new designs can get into stores in as little as two weeks. Compared to Zaras competitors who need to wait for their new inventory for around two months. Also when it comes to designs Zara outclass its competitors by roducing up to 11,000 distinct items annually while key competitors produce between 2,000 and 4,000. We also have to keep in mind that Zara is Just a fashion imitator. This makes it less time consuming when it comes to creating new trends and designs. Zara Just copies whatever is out there on the market and sells it for much lower cost. We believe that Manufacturing and Distribution is Zaras main competitive advantage which can remain sustainable. Why ? I believe that because of the economics of scale and companys current passion on the market. Even if any of Inditexs big competitors would try to copy this system, they would lose significant part of the market share because it would be very expensive and time consuming transitional process. On the other hand the barriers to entry for the newcomers are just way to high to even compete on any level with companies like Zara. Just in Time Approach There is little inventory anywhere in the Zaras supply chain because Zara uses the JIT approach. Zara has pioneered its operations, which enables the constant introduction of new items in short lead times. A little bit about Just in Time01T) roduction used by Zara. JIT is a production method that strives to increase return on investment, reducing inventory and associated carrying costs. The JIT process relies on signals, also called Kanban. It tells production when to make the next part for the production process. Usually Kanban is placed as tickets but it can also be a simple visual signals. E. g. presence or absence of a part on a shelf. Kanban is a system to control the logistical chain from a production point of view, and is not an inventory control system. When JIT is Implemented correctly like in the case of Zara it focuses n continuous improvement and it can improve a businesses return on investment, quality, and eliminating non-value added activities. In order to achieve continuous and employee involvement. Inventory is seen as incurring costs, or waste, which do not create any value added. Just-in-time encourages businesses to eliminate non- value added activities that does not compensate for manufacturing process issues, and it helps to constantly work towards improving those processes to achieve less inventory. In short, the Just-in-Time inventory system focus is having the right aterial, at the right time, at the right place, and in the exact amount, without the safety net of inventory. Strategic decisions for a company (Zara) that are supported based on JIT: Increase profit margin by skipping retailers (online sales) Create price premium product based on JIT Eliminate non-value added activities (cut costs) Zara entering the US market If Zara was planning to enter the US Market they would have to do a lot of strategic preparation. The system which they have In Europe would not work in US because of the geographic location of the United States. The supply system would not be efficient enough since the products would have to be shipped all the way from Europe or Asia. As the result of that Zara would not be able to switch their inventory each two weeks. The lead times would change. We believe that the best solution would be to copy the European business model. What do we mean by that? Part of Zaras success is the geographic position of its factories. The Spanish and Portuguese manufacturing plants are able to produce and ship an item in a very short time. The position of the factories is strategic, the fact that the factories are in Europe. Resolution for that could be establishment of the manufacturing plant in Mexico. The country is relatively cheaper than the US but it is Just by the border. By establishing production plants in Mexico Zara would have the opportunity to create similar situation as they have in Europe at the time. One more thing which definitely should get more attention in the US is advertising. Zara spends only 0. 3% of its revenue on advertising while their competitors spend between 3% and 4%. We believe that this strategy may work on the European market but in the US the advertising budget hould be raised. In the US the advertising is much more aggressive so in order to become noticed Zara needs to leave their old ways behind and compete as equal with the big companies on the American market. Zara should also somehow test the US market before entering. We believe that by offering the online store first they would get much greater understanding of the market as a whole. The company would be able to see the different trends within a market and how it is divided. All the information from the online sales could be then used as a part of the strategy hen it comes to placement of the retail stores and overall general info about customer needs in given parts of the country. Benchmarking of their biggest competitors on the American market would be highly recommended. Before entering a new market you need to know what are the best practices of your competitors. Ohno, Taiichi Oune 1988). Toyota Production System beyond large-scale production. Productivity Press http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Zara_(retailer)#cite_note-10 forbes. com/sites/gregpetro/2012/10/25/the-future-of-fashion-retailing- the-zara-approach-part-2-of-3/

Effective Working Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Effective Working Teams - Essay Example Brilliance in communication is an ingredient in influencing others as one stands a better chance to present and defend their line of thought, hence convincing others to adopt it as a superior option to theirs. On the same note, persons willing to assume any responsibility and with the ability to make decisions and solve problems more aggressively do dominate others in working teams. Such persons do embrace more leadership roles compared to those who do not possess the skills. Therefore, personal skills are critical in influencing others effectively in teamwork roles. In an organization, for any group to qualify as a team, there are certain basic qualifications required. Plunkett, Allen, and Attner explain the most important qualification for the development of a common objective for such a group to qualify as a team. Despite the roles of each member of the team, all team players have to work towards a common, shared goal, which is the common objective. Secondly, there has to be regular interaction and coordination between members of the group for it to qualify as a team. Therefore, an effective team has to have all its members sharing and committed to a common goal. Furthermore, there has to be deeply rooted trust among members, with each member enjoying the freedom of expression in addition to participating in any role played by the team. Importantly, in teamwork, major decisions have to be made through consensus after evaluating the presented opinions. Problems in effective teams have to be solved based on their causes to develop lasting soluti ons.

Politics of Poverty and Social Welfare Policy Essay

Politics of Poverty and Social Welfare Policy - Essay Example Empowerment of low income earners has to be done so that the poor can be able to access resources that are raw materials for development. The poor lack power to get the desired resources. This situation worsens when the psychological status of these poor people is touched by powerlessness. Poverty makes the means of accumulation of resources through saving impossible to the poor people. This is because the avenues to save require some structures that have a monetary value. Poverty reduces a person’s power to compete for a resource because it influences the thinking and the power of these people (O’Brien and Finn 1). This work will seek to show that the poor can be involved in transforming the situations of their lives even in the current political atmosphere. The poor and the middle class earners are faced with various problems that cause them to join into movement to form a force that can prevail in collective bargaining. The economic recession was heavily felt among t hose who had not organized themselves into groups that could foster poverty alleviation. Low income earners, therefore, realized the difficulty to cause impact at individual levels. Poverty denies the poor opportunities to make choices. As a result, the little they had was subjected to risk of loss when they put it in simple projects. In response to economic recession, the poor resorted to various ways to alleviate their situation. The low income earners’ response to poverty was facilitated by their position in terms of power where they lacked power to influence policy formulation and implementation. The poor are more than the rich in any state and their number can be used as a means to change the policies. The low income earners can be able to secure a place in development in the current political context since they are the best people who know the pressure at which they are subjected in their position. Poor people understand projects that would work for them. This is becaus e in most cases projects by the rich come with levels of sophistication that the poor do not put up with. Through calculated collaborations, low income earners can be able to claim their rights from higher political powers, seek donors to fund projects centered on alleviation of poverty, and seek government intervention in their conditions. According to O’Brien and Finn (22-23), although the poor had responded in various ways to recession, very few of the poor went to seek financial aid from their governments or any financial institution or claimed unemployment or even protested against the government in claim of their rights. The methods most of the low income earners used as a means to respond to recession was by cutting cost, increasing the daily working hours and some went ahead to selling some of their properties (O’Brien and Finn 18). Although grouping and working to collectively bargain for formulation and implementation of policies that are friendly to them is advisable, individual response to poverty alleviation was a means that worked during the recession times. The methods they used in response to increased requirement collectively showed that low income earners have a commanding position in the current political context. In their individualized position, low income earners managed to reduce pressure posed by the increased cost of goods and services during the economic recession. As a politicized group, the low

Economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in Laos

Economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in Laos Background: Generally speaking, hydropower has various economical, environmental and social and strategic advantages. The hydropower is the largest renewable resource used for electricity and Hydropower is a significant source of electricity worldwide and will likely continue to grow especially in the developing countries. Thus it plays an essential role in economical development especially in many developing countries. Like many countries the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) or Laos is in trend in receiving foreign investment mainly in hydropower sector which comparing by sector from 2000-2010 hydropower sector account more than 33% in total investment (MPI, Laos). Laos nature and climate provide mammoth opportunities for the country to develop hydropower sector which in recent year there has been increased demand for electric power in the region of South-East Asia, however less than 2 percent of the hydropower potential has been developed in Laos over the past 30 years (Laos National Statistic in 2007). During the last few years, the hydropower sector has played an important role in the speedy economic growth of the country recently has experienced, more than 70 hydropower projects are under development, and the hydropower sector makes up an significant part of the export industry in Laos. As the government set the economic outlook from now the year 2020, the National Development Vision to the Year 2020 is to graduate from the status of being a least developed country and become sustainable development nation. To reach and achieve such vision, Laos needs the capital and invests in the human resource capacity, as Laos Government lack of these things. Thus, the foreign investment especially in hydropower sector is playing an important role in increasing the governments revenue (capital generation), job creations and new business system introducing. The hydropower sector is playing the significant role in the Laos economic and social development, the investment law in 1994 introduced the huge incentives mainly tax incentives in order to attract more investment, the question is that are these incentives really work and attract more investment into Laos? Or how did the investment incentive policies effect to hydropower sector in Laos? Thus, the objective or thesis statement of this paper is to analysis the effective of incentive policies offered by government of Laos in attracting investment mainly hydropower sector into Laos. The scope of this paper is not go back beyond the investment law introduced in 1994, but it starts to introduce some basic information about Laos such as the basic information about population, land area, religions and so on (See the Laos at Glance in the table 1 below) and the investment incentive policies provided by the government of Laos. Many scholars explained that, market size and cost of production is the key in attracting investment. Krugman (1991a) argues that the interaction of market, transport costs, and fixed investment costs determines the location of industry. In the Morissets article (2003, p. 253), the impact of tax incentives on FDI is not obvious that it can help in promoting investment. In the past few decades the numerous studies of international investors have indicated that the investment incentive policies are not major factor in their investment location decision. More important factors such as infrastructure, political stability, labor and the cost of production, however in this study is going to explain and provide evidences that investment incentive policies provided by government are the key factor in attracting investment in the case of Laos. Most of the data and information using in here are mainly from the concerning ministries in the Laos as essential. Thus, once again, the scope of this thesis is not covering all aspects of the economic development in country; it will focus only on the laws and regulations applied to foreign investment especially in hydropower sector. Furthermore, there is no any hypothesis test in this paper, as the objective of the paper is to analyze and examine the effective of the Strategic Investment Promotion for Laos. The main study shall be identifying the issues of using incentive policies and drawing out the strategic policies for recommendations. In order to make this paper easy to read and complete, this paper is developed into four chapters. The chapter one is the introduction chapter, where the general information, thesis statement and scope of this paper are drawn. The second chapter is literature reviews related to the foreign investment policies. The third chapter will focuses on overview of Laos economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in the economic and social development in Laos. In this chapter, the data and figures are illustrated in order to see how changing in hydropower sector in Laos through the policies and incentives offering, plus more specific study on the comparative study, which will focuses on the analyzing of the incentive and disincentive on foreign direct investment. The last chapter is conclusion and recommendations approaches. In this chapter, the policies recommendations are drawn. Then the last part of the paper is the references. Lao PDR at a Glance (Table 1) Name Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Surface Area Population total: 236,800 sq km, land: 230,800 sq km, water: 6,000 sq km 1995 census: 4,574,848 (2007 estimate: 6,677,534) Density 25 people per sq km Land Boundaries total: 5,083 km Borders Myanmar 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423km, Thailand 1,754 km, Viet Nam 2,130 km Languages Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages Climate Tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April) Religion Buddhist 65 percent , animist 32.9 percent , Christian 1.3 percent, other and unspecified 0.8 percent (1995 census) Time Zone UTC+7 Currency Kip (LAK) Exchange Rates As of October 6th, 2008 : 1 Dollar: 8560 Kips 1 Euro: 11680 Kips GDP 39,284 billion Kips (Nominal, 2007 estimate) 4.1 US$ billion GDP per Capita 604 USS (2006) Source: Economic Research Department, MPI, Laos, 2007 Chapter II: Literature Review Foreign Direct Investment Policy Recently, many scholars try to explain and point out the factors for foreign investment location decision in developing countries. On the other hand there are many studies and articles related the FDI and its policies in developing countries. The developing countries try to develop their investment policies and strategic plan in order to attract the foreign investment In the article of Shaukat Ali and Wei Guo (2005) explained the behavior of MNCs in China, with its huge potential market size as the most important factor for attracting FDI to China, with its large population, steady economic growth, trade integrations are the perfect combination in attracting FDI. The authors further point out that the Chinese Government incentive policies are another important factor In the article of Ekrem Tatoglu (2002), it is was found that market size, openness of the economy, and infrastructure of the host country had positive effect, but the lack of exchange rate and economic stability had negative effect but not significant, however to some extent, it has slowed down its efforts to receive much higher volume of foreign investment. In the Morissets article (2003, pp. 253) point out that the relation between investment policy such as tax incentives and FDI is not the most significant whether it can help the host country in gaining the foreign investment. Over the past few decades they are numerous studies from the international investors have indicated that investment policy such as tax incentives are not the most important factor for investment locations, more important factors such as infrastructure, labor and political stability. However it doesnt mean that the investment policy has no effect on attracting foreign investment, one of the good examples is the Irelands tax incentives which have been recognized as key in attracting foreign investors over the past two decades. Moreover, there has been growing support evidence that investment policy influence the location decisions of companies within regional economic groupings, such as the European Union, North American Free Trade Area, and Association of Southea st Asian Nations. No doubt that market size is important to foreign investment in deciding location but other factors such as the investment policy and institutional framework, are essential in influential a countrys attractiveness to FDI. There are three forms of investment incentive policies: tax incentives, subsidies, export processing zones (EPZs). The investment policy can be favorable to foreign investment or unflavored to foreign investment in order to protect local industries The effect of FDI will depend, in part, on the form that FDI takes. FDI directed to heavily protected industries or attracted by very costly incentives may have a low, or even negative, effect on growth and productivity, Attitudinal and empirical research on the effect of tax incentives on FDI has been inconclusive. In the article of Hearnest (2007, pp.25-30) dedicated that if the investment policy such as tax incentives may be good for a country. This is so if some conditions are contents. First, the investment policy must lead to an increased of inflow in FDI into that country by attracting FDI that would not come without the presence of the incentives. Second, these FDI should contribute to the countrys development by offering returns to the country that more than offset (the returns) the foregone tax revenue in form of tax incentives granted to the investors. When trying to find out who should qualify for the tax incentives in Tanzania therefore, the work will focus on some types of investments that would not come to Tanzania without the presence of the incentives, but have the potential of contributing positively to the development of the country. As for who should not qualify, a focus will be on those investments that would come in any circumstance (in this case the absence of tax incentiv es). FDI determinants that MNEs look for are the presence of economic, political and social stability; and rules regulating entry and operations of businesses. Others are standards of treatment of foreign affiliates; business facilitation (including, inter-alia, investment incentives and thereby tax incentives; market size, growth, structure and accessibility; raw materials, low cost but efficient labour force and physical infrastructure in form of ports, roads, power and telecommunication. Specific incentives may not be main determinants of a countrys attractiveness to FDI. A countrys general economic and political conditions, domestic market, natural and other resources may be more important than some specific incentives. However various incentives have been found to influence investments. Since specific incentives may not be main determinants of a countrys attractiveness to FDI. A countrys general economic and political conditions, domestic market, natural and other resources may be more important than some specific incentives. However various incentives have been found to influence investments. In the conclusion for the literature reviews, there are both advantages and disadvantages by offering the investment incentives policy from the host countries to the foreign investors. However, most of the articles presented in there seem to support the investment incentives policy (tax incentives) offered by many developing countries. There is no doubt that this form of investment incentives are dominated in many developing from now and in the future, especially the ASEAN nations, particularly Laos. In this context, this paper will lead through the way that investment incentives are really strategic tools for FDI attracting in Laos. CHAPTER III: Overview of Economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in Laos 3.1 Current Laos Economic Situation As the Lao government set their development goal which aiming to free the country from being least developed country by the Year 2020, it ultimate goal is to graduate from the status of being a least developed country and become sustainable development nation. To achieve the goal, Laos needs the capital and human resource capacity, as Laoss lack of these things. Thus, the Foreign investment especially in hydropower and mining sector are playing an essential role in increasing the governments revenue (capital generation), job creations and so on. Since the Laos government started their economic liberalization, the new economic mechanism (NEM) in 1986, the Government of Laos has made the development of private sector and attraction of the foreign investment as the strategic priority, thus the implementation of investment policies are very important to investment especially in attracting foreign direct investment. With the advantages such as political stability, natural resources, low labor costs, strategic location and incentive investment policies, both domestic and foreign investment has notably evidenced its contribution to the Laos Social Economic Development. Generally the total (public and private) investment mobilized rose significantly from 21.3 percent of GDP in 2001 to about 29 percent in 2005, and averaged at 27.8 percent for the five-year period which mainly from FDI  [1]  . The foreign investment has provided further drive to Laos economic growth. The government of Lao PDR provided good climate for investment, such as infrastructures, telecommunication, political stability, stable macroeconomic condition and law and regulation related to investment. With the Laos National Social and Economic Development Plan (NSEDP), Laos government had achieved to maintain the economic prospect with an average GDP from year 2000 to 2010 approximately about 7.73 percent (see figure 1), mainly benefiting from expanding natural resources within the country. By encouraging Foreign Direct Investment, Laos economy has been gradually increased in many sectors, especially industry sector and services sector, which by 2009 had reached 70 percent of GDP. (See Figure 2 and 3) Industrial sector has grown in recent year with rapid rate, accounted an average rate about 11.3 percent per year. The mining industry increased by 33.87 percent; tobacco 20.75 percent; food processing 9.17 percent; textiles 20.11 percent; and garments 11.15 percent. The services sector has been positively meet the requirements of production and trading, from 2001to 2005, the growth rate in total revenues from services sector accounted an averaged at 10 percent per year.  [2]  According to National Social and Economic Development Plan, in general Government of Laos (GoL) has performed well with its ambitious economic target and strong economic growth which grounding to free the country from the status of least-development country by 2020. Figure 1: Laos real GDP growth in percentage Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook 2010 Figure 2: Laos GDP composition by sector Source: CIA World Fact Book Figure 3: Laos GDP per capita compared by continent Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook 2010 In recent year the Government of Laos (GoL) continue to work hard and try to boost its foreign trade with the aim to increase more in export, the structure of their economic changed with the shares of the private sector and Foreign Investment in the economy have increased. In particular, Foreign Direct Investment has facilitated the creation of new products and increasing size of the markets including the entry of new markets. The number of foreign direct investments and private domestic in the past five years stood at 9.7 billion USD, in which foreign direct investments accounted for 8 billion USD  [3]  . Thus, the private sector has become more and more essential in the economy of the Laos. The Lao PDR has been headed for business in regional and global economic integration. It is vital to Laos economic with its potential in domestic and foreign investors to guarantee the benefits from the liberalization of trade. Being the member of ASEAN, ATFA and WTO applicant providing opportunity for the country in trade and attracting foreign direct investment increasing the market entry by reduced 98 percent of its tariffs (zero to five percent in 2008). However Laos faced the problem of trade imbalance, in the year of 2007 to 2008 the total trade was 2630.9 million USD which number of export only 822.7 million USD (see Table 2) 3.2 Foreign Direct Investment and Hydropower Trends in Laos Foreign direct investment is playing crucial role in Laos economy, with the implementation of Investment Law in 2004 which the Government of Laos (GoL) given huge investment incentive to foreign investors especially tax incentive, as the resulted in 2005 onward the FDI inflow has been significantly increased especially in mining sectors and hydropower sectors. In 2006 the FDI inflow raised up to 2,699 million USD and in 2009 increased more than 4,312 million USD (see figure 4 and figure 5). Figure 4: Foreign Direct Investment in Laos Source: Raw data from Ministry of Planning and Investment, Laos Figure 5: Foreign Direct Investment by Sector 2000-2010(Jun) Source: Raw Data from Ministry of Planning and Investment, Laos Not yet complete 3.3 Analysis Study of Investment Incentives and Disincentives in Laos 3.3.1 Investment Incentives in Laos Tax exemptions from some major industrial nations: Lao receive the trade privileges from European Union such as GSP privilege. Currently, the receiving GSP is from 42 countries from EU, Japan, Canada, Switzerland, Vietnam and etc. Thus, the garment investment sector is still having comparative advantages in attracting many textile companies to invest in Laos. Mostly, investors are from Taiwan, Japan and Thailand. Furthermore, Laos has sign the Normal Trade Relations (NTR) with USA in December 2004. This is the signal for Laos to join the world trade system (membership of WTO is underway). Such membership leads confident for foreign investors doing business in Laos. Land-linked country: This is going to be trade hub in the Southeast Asia region, which has access to ASEAN market with more than 500 million. Inhabitants including southern part of neighboring China, which adds up together reaching nearly 1 billion people, this is going to be the huge market in the world. Currently, the main roads reaching every corner of the international border pointed have been built. In the next five year, Laos can be the transit goods and connect Southeast Asia to the Northeast and Central Asia. Abundant water resources, rich in mineral resources, and plentiful of productive land: Laoss government still enjoys receiving the application for the development of the hydropower dams and mining concession from foreign investors. These two sectors are main attractive sectors for foreign investors around the world. The abundant water resources help Laos to gain more major foreign investors to invest in the hydropower project, which lead Laos to be the electricity supplier or battery of Asia. Furthermore, unexploitations of mining areas are still existed and waiting for right foreign investors to invest in this sector. Most of the mines are gold, copper, coal, tin, Zink and others. Thus, this is another sector that the Lao governments use to promote and attract foreign investors for investing. Moreover, there are plentiful of productive land for foreign investors to do the plantation projects for the industrial plantation such as sugar, palm trees, eucalyptus, and so on. Currently, many big paper companies are investing for the industrial plantation in Laos such as Oji paper factory (Japan), and Birla Pulp Company (India). Laos Economic Zone: Savannakhet Province is a hub of trade and services in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). The province is linking Lao PDR with Thailand, and Vietnam on the Road No.9. It is also all along the Road No.13 which runs through Lao PDR, leading north into China and South into Cambodia. The construction of Road and bridge will progress develop Savannakhet as a trade and services zone in near future and will bring an expansion of markets which will create further business opportunities for all the economic sectors in Savannakhet province, thus Savannakhet Special Economic Zone (SSEZ) which linking neighboring countries in the Asian region with a total population of more than 500 million people and thus is a main centre for trade and services. The categories of business activities planned to be developing in the Savannakhet Special Economic Zone (SSEZ) include the following: Export Processing Zone; Free Trade Zone; Free Service and Logistic Centre including tourism, banking and other activities. 3.3.2 Disincentive of Investment in Laos Geographic condition (land locked country) and poor infrastructure: Laos has no border with the sea, thus this is only obstacle for the transportation. The cost of transport goods from Laos to the sea port in Thailand or in Vietnam is quite expensive and may take longer time for the goods to reach the destination due to the documentations and unforeseen events that can happen anytime. Furthermore, the infrastructure in Laos is not quite good especially the road condition in some places or provinces. These cause the transportation cost high and the return on investment or profit is not so high as expected. However, with the support from the international financial organization such as ADB and World Bank, the Lao government has put the budget for the infrastructure development for the main route to the sea ports such as Road R3 connecting Thaiiand-Laos-China, the road No. 9 connecting Thailand-Laos-Vietnam, Road No. 13 run through the whole countries from North to South of Laos. The vision of the government is to change Laos as Land-Locked country to the Land-Linked country. By achieving this goal, the cost of transportation will be reducing for sure. Macroeconomic instability: Lao economic is not independent economic system. Directly and indirectly, the economic depends on the changing of the Thai and Vietnamese economic growth. Now, the Lao economic is more likely to depend to the Chinese economic as well now, as the major foreign investors is Chinese investors. The Lao currency (Kip) is none tradable currency, so it depends on the changing of the US dollars and Thai Baht. For instance, when the financial crisis occurred in 1997, supported that Lao can escape from this crisis, however, it hit hardly by the crisis as most of the commodities goods import from Thailand. Thus, when the global crisis hit Thailand, it will directly and indirectly hurt Lao economy. However, Lao government has put more afford to monitoring the economic development in Laos and try to not depending on one country economy such Thailand. Now, the free flow of goods leads Laos to escape from the dependent economic from Thailand. Laos can gain access to the Vietnam and China market now. Small market: Although the economy sounds goods in recent years, but the total expenditure of the Lao people is still low. Most of the markets in Laos are small in size and number of consumers. Most of the big spending on consumers is in the main city, but not in the rural areas. However, most of people in the city cross the border to Thailand in spending for the commodities goods. In recently, the good economic recovered and increasing in FDI inflow in to the country, Lao people spend more money in commodities and luxury goods. Thus, this is the good sign in increasing Lao people spending. In the near future, the Lao small market is going to graduate to the big market soon. Thailand. Now, the free flow of goods leads Laos to escape from the dependent economic from Thailand. Laos can gain access to the Vietnam and China market now. 3.4 Comparative Study of Investment Law (1994 and 2004) 3.4.1 The Investment Law in 1994 Not yet complete 3.4.2 The Investment Law in 2004 Not yet complete Law on the Promotion and Management of foreign Investment in the Lao PDR (1994) Law on the Promotion of Foreign Investment In the Lao PDR (2004) Form   of FDI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚   2 forms of FDI: a) A joint Venture with one or more domestic Lao Investors b)   A 100% foreign- owned enterprises Exemption from import duties for intermediate components and raw materials imported for processing and re-export; Uniform flat rate of 1% of import value of equipment, means of production, spare parts and other materials used in operation of investment projects; No export duties on finished products; Annual profit tax at a uniform flat rate of 20% Special privileges, including reduction or exemption from theprofit-tax rate, are given based on the size of investments and the significant positive impacts that such investments have on the socio- economic development of Lao PDR; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚   3 forms of FDI: a)   Business Cooperation by contract; b) A joint venture with one or more domestic Lao investors (Foreign equity should not be less than 30% of total investment capital); or c) A 100% foreign- owned enterprise 0% of import duties on production vehicles, machinery, equipment and raw materials No export duties on finished products;    Profit tax is classified into 3 groups: 20%, 15% and 10% and profit tax exemption is offered for a certain period depending on activities, investment areas and size of investment 1) Zone One (area with no economic information infrastructure) 7 years profit tax exemption thereafter a profit tax of 10% 2) Zone Two: (areas with certain level of economic infrastructures) 5 years profit tax exemption 3 years profit tax of 7.5% thereafter a profit tax of 15% 3) Zone Three ( areas with good infrastructure) 2 years profit tax exemption 2 years profit tax of 10% thereafter a profit tax of 20% Other   Incentives Investment term is up to 30 years Freedom to expatriate their earnings back home or to third countries Right to employ foreign expatriates Personal income tax at a flat rate of10% Investment term is up to 75 years Freedom to expatriate their earnings back home or to third countries Right to employ foreign expatriates (not exceed 10% of the enterprises labor) Personal income tax at a flat rate of 10% Source: Ministry of Planning and Investment, Lao PDR Case Study of Foreign Direct Investment on Hydropower Sector in Laos Not yet complete Chapter IV: Conclusion Not yet complete

Lessons from a Third World Perspective on Environmentalism Essay

Lessons from a Third World Perspective on Environmentalism Possibly more than any of the other articles we have read so far, Ramachandra Guha's article "Radical Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique" made me think. In analyzing the Western deep ecology movement, he criticized its focus on preservation of wild areas. By doing this, he was directly criticizing what I have long thought of as my main goal as an "environmentalist." One of the first things that turned me on to environmental issues when I was younger was my horror at the soaring rate of rainforest destruction so dramatically portrayed to us in 9th grade biology class. Since then, by following a biology track through college, my focus has been on ecological goals such as the preservation of biodiversity. The study of ecology has served me as a way to understand wilderness so I might be able to help protect it or restore it. My patterns of thought are often not far off from those of Daniel Janzen, which Guha quotes in his paper as "imperialist yearning of Western biologists and their financial sponsors" to claim land in Third World countries for protection by ecologists (Guha 272). He states his opinion that "the radical conclusions drawn by deep ecology, in particular, that intervention in nature should be guided primarily by the need to preserve biotic integrity rather than by the needs of humans" are unacceptable (271). He also claims that the two "fundamental ecological problems facing the globe are (i) overconsumption by the industrialized world and by urban elites in the Third World and (ii) growing militarization" (271), whereas the biological perspective would c... ...growth instead of material wealth --"The values of caring, cooperation, nurturing and sharing must be encouraged to replace the values of competitiveness, domination and aggression which have characterized our society for so long" --polices must reflect "the interdependence of all living things and the interconnetedness of all political and social activity" (http://www.greenparty.org.uk/principles/values/htm) The list was impressive. And although the Greens seem more prevalent in Europe than in the U.S. - there is an American Greens party - which had Ralph Nader as their presidential candidate in 1996. Maybe the Greens movement could help us meet a wide range of environmental and social goals through its philosophy of humility, instead of following deep ecology's biocentric proposal. I am encouraged to look further into it...

Policy Topic Search and Selection Essay

Policies are everywhere, and have to be followed by all for success. If they are not followed, consequences can occur, which are mostly negative. Policies are also set to ensure the organization’s rules are being followed. Health policy is a statement of a decision regarding goals in health care, and the plan for achieving these goals. Health policy is also known as a field of study and practice where priorities and values dealing with health resource allocation are determined (â€Å"Health Policy,† 2014). In this paper, Women’s Health Policy in regard to the Affordable Care Act will be discussed. The paper will also provide a quick summary of women’s health and the stakeholders affected. Let us begin with the definition of women’s health. Women’s Health Care Women’s health care is hard to define because it is so complex. Women’s health not only deals with adult women, it also deals with young girls and teenagers. If put into words, women’s health care would be defined as the physical and emotional care a woman needs to ensure she has the best quality of life possible. Women’s health care is a new arena in health care that must be clearly stated in the future to improve the health of a population (South Carolina Department of Health, 2013). This is important because women are the child bearers, and the advancement in women’s health care prevents and reduces the burden of illness or disability that affects women at each stage of life, and ultimately improves women health in the United States across the lifespan. Women’s Health Care with the Affordable Care Act Women’s, who includes young and teenage girls are the stakeholders affected by this policy. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) included several measures that are changing the profile of women’s coverage as the law is implemented. In regards to women, the implementation of the ACA will allow 2. 4 million women be insured. For women, the ACA includes caps on out-of pocket spending for certain low-income individuals and coverage for many preventive services without cost-sharing. There are a lot of improvements to the coverage for women because of the ACA implementation. The biggest improvement is that insurance plans were mandated to cover essential benefits like outpatient and hospitalization care, maternity care, and prescription drugs. Along with the essential benefits, the plans have to cover preventive services and vaccines for women; without any co-payments or other cost sharing. Those services are pap smears, mammograms, bone density tests, and HPV vaccine. As of August 2012, plans also have to cover contraceptives as prescribed by a provider, breastfeeding supplies and supports such as breast pumps, screening for domestic violence, well woman visits, and several counseling and screening services (â€Å"Women’s Health Insurance Coverage,† 2013). Even though the changes because of the ACA are extensive, they are needed to ensure women’s health care is at an optimal level because they are the catalyst by which our next generation is born. If this is done correctly and plans follow, the ACA will shape access to coverage and care for millions of women across the nation for years to come.